Pipeline transportation of heavy crude oil

Claim 2

In the transportation of viscous hydrocarbons by pipeline, the improvement which comprises forming an oil-in-water emulsion by introducing into the pipeline with said hydrocarbons an aqueous solution comprising about 0.01 to about 2.0 percent by weight of surfactant of the formula: ##STR7## wherein R b is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl of from 1 to 5 carbon atoms, R c is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl of from 1 to 5 carbon atoms, x is an integer of from 1 to 20 and M is a monovalent cation selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium, lithium and ammonium, and about 0.01 to about 1.8 percent by weight of a soap selected from the group consisting of rosin soaps and naphthenic acid soaps and mixtures thereof.

Claim 3

The method of claim 1 wherein the said rosin soaps is selected from the group consisting of sodium abietate, potassium abietate, lithium abietate, ammonium abietate and mixtures thereof.

Claim 4

The method of claim 1 wherein the said naphthenic soap is selected from the group consisting of sodium naphthenate, potassium naphthenate, lithium naphthenate, ammonium naphthenate and mixtures thereof.

Claim 5

The method of claim 1 wherein the said aqueous solution contains from 0.02 to about 1.0 weight percent of a coupling agent of the formula: R.sub.c O(R.sub.d O).sub.m H, wherein R c is alkyl of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, R d is alkylene of from 2 to 3 inclusive carbon atoms and m is an integer of from 1 to 3 inclusive.

Claim 6

In the transportation of viscous hydrocarbons by pipeline, the improvement which comprises forming an oil-in-water emulsion by introducing into the pipeline with said hydrocarbons an aqueous solution comprising from about 0.01 to about 2.0 weight percent of a surfactant of the formula ##STR8## wherein R b is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl of from 1 to 5 carbon atoms, R c is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl of from 1 to 5 carbon atoms, x is an integer of from 1 to 20 and M is a monovalent cation selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium, lithium and ammonium, and from about 0.01 to about 1.8 weight percent of a soap selected from the group consisting of a rosin soap and a naphthenic acid soap, from about 0.02 to about 1.0 weight percent of a coupling agent of the formula: R.sub.c O(R.sub.d O).sub.m H, wherein R c is alkyl of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, R d is alkylene of from 2 to 3 inclusive carbon atoms and m is an integer of from 1 to 3 inclusive and from 0.05 to about 1.0 weight percent of an alkalinity agent selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide.

Claim 7

In the transportation of viscous hydrocarbons by pipeline, the improvement which comprises forming an oil-in-water emulsion by introducing into the pipeline with said hydrocarbons an aqueous solution comprising from about 0.01 to about 2.0 weight percent of a surfactant of the formula ##STR8## wherein R b is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl of from 1 to 5 carbon atoms, R c is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl of from 1 to 5 carbon atoms, x is an integer of from 1 to 20 and M is a monovalent cation selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium, lithium and ammonium, and from about 0.01 to about 1.8 weight percent of a soap selected from the group consisting of a rosin soap and a naphthenic acid soap, from about 0.02 to about 1.0 weight percent of a coupling agent of the formula: R.sub.c O(R.sub.d O).sub.m H, wherein R c is alkyl of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, R d is alkylene of from 2 to 3 inclusive carbon atoms and m is an integer of from 1 to 3 inclusive and from 0.05 to about 1.0 weight percent of an alkalinity agent selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide.