US4478689A
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Automated alternating polarity direct current pulse electrolytic processing of metals
Assignee: Boeing Co
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Filing: 1981-07-31
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Granted: 1984-10-23
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Expires: 2001-07-31
Abstract
Abstract Disclosed is a method and apparatus for electrolytic processing of a metal surface which, in a preferred embodiment, is anodization of an aluminum or aluminum alloy surface. An apparatus and method is provided which automatically senses the process voltage applied to the surface to be anodized and adjusts the duration of anodizing current pulses accordingly. Direct current anodizing pulses are interrupted by non-anodizing pulses which may be either zero current or reverse current pulses. The ratio of anodizing to non-anodizing pulse power is varied during anodizing such that the anodizing to non-anodizing time power ratio is reduced. In a preferred embodiment, a microprocessor follows the process voltage necessary to maintain a constant current flow to the metal surface and reduces the anodizing to non-anodizing time power ratio in a predetermined manner.
Inventors
- 👤 David M. Loch
Bibliographic Details
Application Number
—
Jurisdiction
US
Data Source
google_patents
Last Synchronized
2026-10-31 23:14
CPC Classifications
C; C25; C25D; C25D11/00; C25D11/02; C25D11/04; C25D11/005; C25D11/024; C25D21/00; C25D21/12; Y; Y10; Y10S; Y10S204/00; Y10S204/09
Claims Analysis
Total Claims: 55
Claim 1
Independent Claim
146 words
A method for electroprocessing the surface of a metal, said method comprising the steps of: immersing said metal surface and an electrode means in an electrolyte; flowing anodizing and degassing current pulses between said metal and said electrode means, said anodizing and degassing current pulses having pulse widths which define anodizing and degassing time durations respectively which define an anodizing to degassing time ratio, said anodizing pulses being of a polarity which causes said metal surface to be anodic with respect to said electrode means and said degassing pulses being of a polarity opposite that of the anodizing pulses or pulses of zero magnitude wherein the flowing of said anodizing and degassing current pulses results in a process voltage V p between said metal surface and said electrode means; sensing the process voltage V p during the flowing of said anodizing and degassing current pulses; and
Claim 2
Independent Claim
146 words
A method for electroprocessing the surface of a metal, said method comprising the steps of: immersing said metal surface and an electrode means in an electrolyte; flowing anodizing and degassing current pulses between said metal and said electrode means, said anodizing and degassing current pulses having pulse widths which define anodizing and degassing time durations respectively which define an anodizing to degassing time ratio, said anodizing pulses being of a polarity which causes said metal surface to be anodic with respect to said electrode means and said degassing pulses being of a polarity opposite that of the anodizing pulses or pulses of zero magnitude wherein the flowing of said anodizing and degassing current pulses results in a process voltage V p between said metal surface and said electrode means; sensing the process voltage V p during the flowing of said anodizing and degassing current pulses; and
Claim 3
Dependent Claim
28 words
varying said time ratio in response to said sensed process voltage V p to maintain V p at a level below a predetermined burn voltage, V b .
Claim 4
Dependent Claim
28 words
varying said time ratio in response to said sensed process voltage V p to maintain V p at a level below a predetermined burn voltage, V b .
Claim 5
Dependent Claim
32 words
The method of claim 1, wherein said electroprocessing comprises anodization of aluminum, said metal contains aluminum, and said anodizing pulses comprise current pulses of a polarity which effects anodization of said aluminum.
Claim 6
Dependent Claim
17 words
The method of claim 2, wherein said degassing current pulses comprise zero magnitude pulses of variable duration.
Claim 7
Dependent Claim
20 words
The method of claim 2, wherein said degassing current pulses comprise current pulses of opposite polarity to said anodizing pulses.
Claim 8
Dependent Claim
23 words
The method of claim 4, wherein said varying step comprises the step of decreasing the time ratio of anodizing to degassing time duration.
Claim 9
Dependent Claim
41 words
The method of claim 5, wherein said decreasing step includes the step of increasing the duration of said degassing current pulses with respect to said anodizing current pulses, while maintaining the magnitude of the anodizing and degassing current pulses generally constant.
Claim 10
Dependent Claim
40 words
The method of claim 5, wherein said decreasing step includes the step of decreasing the duration of anodizing current pulses with respect to the degassing current pulses while maintaining the magnitude of the anodizing and degassing current pulses generally constant.
Claim 11
Dependent Claim
24 words
The method of claim 2, wherein said anodizing and degassing current pulses are of a generally constant magnitude and have a varying time duration.
Claim 12
Dependent Claim
29 words
The method of claim 8 further including the step of reducing the magnitude of the anodizing pulses while maintaining the duration of the anodizing and degassing pulses generally constant.
Claim 13
Dependent Claim
35 words
The method of claim 8, wherein said current flowing step comprises a conditioning step wherein anodizing and degassing current pulses of generally constant magnitude and duration flow between said electrode means and said metal surface.
Claim 14
Dependent Claim
56 words
The method of claim 8 or 10, wherein said current flowing step includes an anodizing cycle having at least two phases, both of which comprise flowing generally constant magnitude current pulses, a first of said phases comprises increasing said degassing current pulse duration and the other of said phases comprises decreasing the anodizing current pulse duration.
Claim 15
Dependent Claim
34 words
The method of claim 11, wherein said anodizing cycle further includes a third phase after said two phases in which the anodizing and degassing pulse durations remain constant and the anodizing current magnitude decreases.
Claim 16
Dependent Claim
45 words
The method of claim 11, wherein said current flowing step further includes the steps of: sensing the process voltage between said metal surface and said electrode means during an anodizing pulse; and changing phases when said process voltage reaches a predetermined voltage, V f .
Claim 17
Independent Claim
48 words
The method of any one of claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12 or 13, wherein said current flowing step further includes the step of sensing the process voltage V p and varying the time ratio based upon the instantaneously sensed voltage level.
Claim 18
Dependent Claim
41 words
The method of claim 1 wherein said process voltage V p generally increaes monotonically during an initial stage of said electroprocessing and said step of varying further comprises controlling a rate of increase of said process voltage during said initial stage.
Claim 19
Independent Claim
170 words
An apparatus for electroprocessing a metal surface, said apparatus comprising: means for providing an electrolyte bath in which said metal surface is immersible; circuit means, including an electrode means at least partially immersed in said bath, for flowing anodizing and degassing current pulses, which have pulse widths defining anodizing and degassing time durations respectively, to said surface so as to produce a hard coating of increasing thickness on said surface, said anodizing and degassing time durations defining a time ratio, said anodizing pulses being of a polarity which causes said metal surface to be anodic with respect to said electrode means and said degassing pulses being of a polarity opposite that of said anodizing pulses or of a zero magnitude; means for sensing a process voltage V p between said metal surface and said electrode means resulting from said current pulses; and means responsive to said process voltage V p for varying said time ratio to maintain said process voltage V p below a predetermined burn voltage V b .
Claim 20
Independent Claim
170 words
An apparatus for electroprocessing a metal surface, said apparatus comprising: means for providing an electrolyte bath in which said metal surface is immersible; circuit means, including an electrode means at least partially immersed in said bath, for flowing anodizing and degassing current pulses, which have pulse widths defining anodizing and degassing time durations respectively, to said surface so as to produce a hard coating of increasing thickness on said surface, said anodizing and degassing time durations defining a time ratio, said anodizing pulses being of a polarity which causes said metal surface to be anodic with respect to said electrode means and said degassing pulses being of a polarity opposite that of said anodizing pulses or of a zero magnitude; means for sensing a process voltage V p between said metal surface and said electrode means resulting from said current pulses; and means responsive to said process voltage V p for varying said time ratio to maintain said process voltage V p below a predetermined burn voltage V b .
Claim 21
Dependent Claim
31 words
The apparatus of claim 16, wherein said apparatus is an anodizing apparatus, said metal contains aluminum, and said anodizing current pulses are of a polarity which causes anodization of said aluminum.
Claim 22
Dependent Claim
73 words
The apparatus of claim 17, wherein said circuit means for flowing current comprises: a power driver, responsive to said means for varying the time ratio, for causing generally constant magnitude anodizing current pulses and generally constant magnitude degassing current pulses to flow between said electrode means and said metal surface, wherein said degassing current pulses comprise either a zero current pulse or a current pulse of opposite polarity to said anodizing current pulse.
Claim 23
Dependent Claim
37 words
The apparatus of claim 18, wherein said means for varying the time ratio further comprises: process controlling means for reducing the time ratio of anodizing to degassing pulse durations applied to said metal surface during said electroprocessing.
Claim 24
Dependent Claim
21 words
The apparatus of claim 19, wherein said degassing pulses comprise a current pulse of opposite polarity to said anodizing current pulse.
Claim 25
Independent Claim
34 words
The apparatus of claims 16 or 17 or 18 or 19 or 20, wherein said process controlling means is responsive to said process voltage during an anodizing current pulse to vary said time ratio.
Claim 26
Dependent Claim
23 words
The method of claim 16 wherein said means for varying is further operable to control a rate of increase of said process voltage.
Claim 27
Independent Claim
259 words
A method for anodizing a metal surface using controlled current pulses flowing between said metal surface and an electrode, said metal surface and said electrode being disposed in an electrolyte, said current pulses resulting in a process voltage V p , between said metal surface and said electrode and comprising the steps of: determining a maximum anodizing voltage, V b , at which an anodized coating burns; determining an initial anodizing voltage, V a , at which an initial conditioning current is provided; selecting a first voltage, V 2 , equal to or less than V b and a second voltage, V 1 , equal to or greater than V a but less than V 2 ; sensing said process voltagre V p during the flowing of said current pulses; controlling a time ratio of said current pulses in response to said sensed process voltage V p to maintain said process voltage, V p , which generally increases over time, between V 1 and V 2 , to effect a generally high anodizing rate and a hard coating, said current pulses comprising anodizing and degassing pulses having pulse widths which define anodizing and degassing time durations respectively, said anodizing to said degassing time duration defining said time ratio wherein the instantaneous value of V p is a function of said time ratio, said anodizing pulses being of a polarity which causes said metal surface to be anodic with respect to said electrode, and said degassing pulses being of a polarity opposite said anodizing pulses or of a zero magnitude.
Claim 28
Independent Claim
259 words
A method for anodizing a metal surface using controlled current pulses flowing between said metal surface and an electrode, said metal surface and said electrode being disposed in an electrolyte, said current pulses resulting in a process voltage V p , between said metal surface and said electrode and comprising the steps of: determining a maximum anodizing voltage, V b , at which an anodized coating burns; determining an initial anodizing voltage, V a , at which an initial conditioning current is provided; selecting a first voltage, V 2 , equal to or less than V b and a second voltage, V 1 , equal to or greater than V a but less than V 2 ; sensing said process voltagre V p during the flowing of said current pulses; controlling a time ratio of said current pulses in response to said sensed process voltage V p to maintain said process voltage, V p , which generally increases over time, between V 1 and V 2 , to effect a generally high anodizing rate and a hard coating, said current pulses comprising anodizing and degassing pulses having pulse widths which define anodizing and degassing time durations respectively, said anodizing to said degassing time duration defining said time ratio wherein the instantaneous value of V p is a function of said time ratio, said anodizing pulses being of a polarity which causes said metal surface to be anodic with respect to said electrode, and said degassing pulses being of a polarity opposite said anodizing pulses or of a zero magnitude.
Claim 29
Dependent Claim
32 words
A method according to claim 23, wherein said step of controlling further comprises producing alternating anodizing and degassing current pulses at a frequency sufficiently low to control dielectric properties of said coating.
Claim 30
Dependent Claim
25 words
A method according to claim 24 further comprising the step of producing a hard coating of on the order of more than 2 mils thick.
Claim 31
Dependent Claim
25 words
A method according to claim 24 further comprising the step of producing a hard coating of on the order of more than 5 mils thick.
Claim 32
Dependent Claim
64 words
A method according to claim 24, wherein said anodizing pulses produce a current density of an anodizing polarity at said metal surface of on the order of about 20 to 70 amperes per square foot and wherein said degassing pulses produce a current density of a degassing polarity at said surface of on the order of about 0.0 to 20 amperes per square foot.
Claim 33
Dependent Claim
50 words
The method according to claim 27, wherein the step of controlling further comprises: applying said anodizing pulses for a time period of on the order of about 0.5 to 60 seconds; and applying said degassing pulses for a time period of on the order of about 0.5 to 300 seconds.
Claim 34
Dependent Claim
50 words
The method according to claim 27, wherein said step of controlling further comprises: applying said anodizing pulses for a time period of on the order of about 0.5 to 30 seconds; and applying said degassing pulses for a time period of on the order of about 0.5 to 15 seconds.
Claim 35
Dependent Claim
25 words
The method of claim 24, wherein said anodizing and degassing current pulses alternate at a frequency of from about 0.1 to 30 cycles per minute.
Claim 36
Dependent Claim
65 words
The method of claim 30, wherein said step of controlling further comprises applying said current pulses in at least two separate cycles, a first of said cycles being a conditioning cycle characterized by a process voltage greater than or equal to V a and relatively short, generally constant duration anodizing and degassing current pulses operable to condition said surface to reduce any burning tendency thereof.
Claim 37
Dependent Claim
18 words
The method of claim 31, wherein said condition cycle is performed for on the order of 10 minutes.
Claim 38
Dependent Claim
31 words
The method of claim 32, wherein during said conditioning cycle, said anodizing and degassing pulses alternate at a frequency of on the order of about 3 to 30 cycles per minute.
Claim 39
Dependent Claim
28 words
The method of claim 32, wherein during said conditioning cycle, said anodizing and degassing pulses alternate at a frequency of from about 3 to 12 cycles per minute.
Claim 40
Dependent Claim
49 words
The method of claim 31, wherein a second of said cycles is an anodizing cycle wherein said process voltage is greater than or equal to V 1 and said anodizing and degassing pulses alternate at a frequency in the range of from about 0.17 to 12 cycles per minute.
Claim 41
Dependent Claim
17 words
The method of claim 35, wherein said range is from about 0.5 to 4 cycles per minute.
Claim 42
Dependent Claim
79 words
The method of claim 35, wherein said anodizing cycle comprises at least two phases, a first of said two phases being defined by V p being equal to or greater than V 1 but less than V f , V f being an intermediate voltage between V 1 and V 2 , said first phase being characterized by anodizing current pulses of generally constant time duration and magnitude and degassing pulses of generally increasing time duration and constant magnitude.
Claim 43
Dependent Claim
29 words
The method of claim 37, wherein V.sub.f =[(V.sub.1 +V.sub.2)/2] and said anodizing current pulse durations are a maximum value and said degassing pulse durations increase from a minimum value.
Claim 44
Dependent Claim
58 words
The method of claim 37, wherein a second of said phases being defined by V p being greater than V f and equal to or less than V 2 , said second phase being characterized by anodizing current pulses of generally decreasing time duration and constant magnitude and degassing pulses of generally constant time duration and constant magnitude.
Claim 45
Dependent Claim
37 words
The method of claim 39, wherein V.sub.f =[(V.sub.1 +V.sub.2)/2] and said second phase is further characterized by said anodizing current pulse durations decreasing from a maximum value and said degassing pulse durations being at a maximum value.
Claim 46
Dependent Claim
25 words
The method of claim 39 further including a third phase characterized by anodizing current pulses of generally constant, minimum pulse duration and generally decreasing magnitude.
Claim 47
Dependent Claim
36 words
The method of claim 24 including the step of setting V 2 approximately equal to V b and V 1 at on the order of 0.9 V b for effecting a maximum coating build up rate.
Claim 48
Dependent Claim
35 words
The method of claim 24 including the step of setting V 2 approximately equal to V b and V 1 at on the order of 1.1 V a for effecting maximum coating thickness and hardness.
Claim 49
Dependent Claim
40 words
The method of claim 24 including the step of setting V 1 at approximately equal to (V a +V b )/2 and V 2 approximately equal to V b to effect relatively good coating hardness for a relatively thick coating.
Claim 50
Dependent Claim
30 words
The method of claim 24 including the step of varying the values of V 1 and V 2 in order to individually tailor the anodizing process behavior and coating properties.
Claim 51
Dependent Claim
21 words
The method of claim 23 wherein said step of controlling further comprises controlling a rate of increase of said process voltage.
Claim 52
Independent Claim
182 words
A method for electroprocessing the surface of a metal, said method comprising the steps of: immersing said metal surface and an electrode means in an electrolyte; flowing forward and non-forward current pulses between said metal and said electrode means, said forward and non-forward current pulses having pulse widths which define forward and non-forward time durations respectively which define a forward to non-forward time ratio, said forward pulses being of a polarity which causes ions from said electrolyte to plate onto said metal surface and said non-forward pulses being of a polarity opposite that of the forward pulses or pulses of zero magnitude wherein the flowing of said forward and non-forward current pulses results in a process voltage V p between said metal surface and said electrode means; sensing the process voltage V p during the flowing of said forward and non-forward current pulses; and varying said time ratio in response to said sensed process voltage V p to maintain V p at a level below a predetermined voltage, V b and to control an initial rate of increase of said process voltage.
Claim 53
Independent Claim
182 words
A method for electroprocessing the surface of a metal, said method comprising the steps of: immersing said metal surface and an electrode means in an electrolyte; flowing forward and non-forward current pulses between said metal and said electrode means, said forward and non-forward current pulses having pulse widths which define forward and non-forward time durations respectively which define a forward to non-forward time ratio, said forward pulses being of a polarity which causes ions from said electrolyte to plate onto said metal surface and said non-forward pulses being of a polarity opposite that of the forward pulses or pulses of zero magnitude wherein the flowing of said forward and non-forward current pulses results in a process voltage V p between said metal surface and said electrode means; sensing the process voltage V p during the flowing of said forward and non-forward current pulses; and varying said time ratio in response to said sensed process voltage V p to maintain V p at a level below a predetermined voltage, V b and to control an initial rate of increase of said process voltage.
Claim 54
Independent Claim
172 words
An apparatus for electroprocessing a metal surface, said apparatus comprising: an electrolyte bath in which said metal surface is immersible; circuit means, including an electrode at least partially immersed in said bath for flowing forward and non-forward current pulses, which have pulse widths defining forward and non-forward time durations respectively, to said metal surface so as to produce a hard coating of increasing thickness on said surface, said forward and non-forward time durations defining a time ratio, said forward pulses being of a polarity which causes ions from said electrolyte bath to plate onto said metal surface and said non-forward pulses being of a polarity opposite that of said forward pulses or of a zero magnitude; means for sensing a process voltage V p between said metal surface and said electrode resulting from said current pulses; and means responsive to said process voltage V p for varying said time ratio to maintain said process voltage below a predetermined voltage V b and to control a rate of increase of said process voltage.
Claim 55
Independent Claim
172 words
An apparatus for electroprocessing a metal surface, said apparatus comprising: an electrolyte bath in which said metal surface is immersible; circuit means, including an electrode at least partially immersed in said bath for flowing forward and non-forward current pulses, which have pulse widths defining forward and non-forward time durations respectively, to said metal surface so as to produce a hard coating of increasing thickness on said surface, said forward and non-forward time durations defining a time ratio, said forward pulses being of a polarity which causes ions from said electrolyte bath to plate onto said metal surface and said non-forward pulses being of a polarity opposite that of said forward pulses or of a zero magnitude; means for sensing a process voltage V p between said metal surface and said electrode resulting from said current pulses; and means responsive to said process voltage V p for varying said time ratio to maintain said process voltage below a predetermined voltage V b and to control a rate of increase of said process voltage.
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