US4574366A
Expired / Lapsed
US
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Optical storage and switching devices using organic charge transfer salts
Assignee: Johns Hopkins University
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Filing: 1983-02-07
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Granted: 1986-03-04
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Expires: 2003-02-07
Abstract
Abstract Optical devices using an organic charge transfer salt as the switching and storage media are disclosed. Generally, a light beam of a given intensity directed to a film of certain organic charge transfer salts causes the illuminated area to change from a first to a second state. This electrochemical process is reversible with heat energy transforming the illuminated area back into the first state. The first and second states have identifiably different optical and electrical properties. The organic charge transfer salt is used to fabricate an erasable or permanent optical memory and a threshold on bistable optoelectronic switch.
Inventors
- 👤 Richard S. Potember
- 👤 Theodore O. Poehler
- 👤 Richard C. Benson
Bibliographic Details
Application Number
—
Jurisdiction
US
Data Source
google_patents
Last Synchronized
2026-10-24 02:31
CPC Classifications
G; G11; G11C; G11C13/00; G11C13/0002; G11C13/0009; G11C13/0014; B; B82; B82Y; B82Y10/00; G03; G03C; G03C1/00; G03C1/72; G03C1/73; G11C13/04; G11C13/047; H; H03; H03K; H03K17/00; H03K17/51; H03K17/78; H03K3/00; H03K3/02; H03K3/40
Claims Analysis
Total Claims: 79
Claim 1
Independent Claim
93 words
An optically sensitive apparatus comprising: an organic charge transfer salt formed from a donor complexed with an organic electron acceptor; and, a source of electromagnetic energy at optical frequency, said electromagnetic energy illuminating an area on said organic electron charge transfer salt and causing said illuminated area to undergo an electrochemical topotactic redox reaction which causes a charge transfer between said organic electron acceptor and said donor, thereby switching said illuminated area from an equilibrium state to a second state, said second state having a detectably different charge distribution from said equilibrium state.
Claim 2
Dependent Claim
93 words
An optically sensitive apparatus comprising: an organic charge transfer salt formed from a donor complexed with an organic electron acceptor; and, a source of electromagnetic energy at optical frequency, said electromagnetic energy illuminating an area on said organic electron charge transfer salt and causing said illuminated area to undergo an electrochemical topotactic redox reaction which causes a charge transfer between said organic electron acceptor and said donor, thereby switching said illuminated area from an equilibrium state to a second state, said second state having a detectably different charge distribution from said equilibrium state.
Claim 3
Dependent Claim
18 words
The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said second state has a detectably different optical spectrum from said equilibrium.
Claim 4
Dependent Claim
34 words
The apparatus of claim 2 further comprising: a spectroscopic means, focused on a portion of said organic charge transfer salt, for determining whether said portion is in said equilibrium state or said second state.
Claim 5
Dependent Claim
35 words
The apparatus of claim 3 wherein said spectroscopic means detects the presence of neutral molecules of said organic electron acceptor, said second state having more neutral molecules of said electron acceptor then said equilibrium state.
Claim 6
Dependent Claim
45 words
The apparatus of claim 3 wherein said spectroscopic means measures the magnitude of at least one spectral band associated with neutral molecules of said organic electron acceptor, said at least one spectral band having a greater magnitude in said second state than said equilibrium state.
Claim 7
Dependent Claim
34 words
The apparatus of claim 3 wherein said spectroscopic means detects the change in oxidation state of said organic electron acceptor, thereby detecting whether said portion is in said equilibrium state or said second state.
Claim 8
Dependent Claim
34 words
The apparatus as in claim 2, wherein said donor is copper, said organic electron acceptor is TCNQ, and spectral analysis shows substantially more neutral molecules of TCNQ in said second than said equilibrium state.
Claim 9
Dependent Claim
34 words
The apparatus as in claim 2, wherein said donor is silver, said organic electron acceptor is TCNQ, and spectral analysis shows substantially more neutral molecules of TCNQ in said second than said equilibrium state.
Claim 10
Dependent Claim
18 words
The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said second state has a detectably different color from said equilibrium state.
Claim 11
Dependent Claim
22 words
The apparatus of claim 7 wherein said color difference between said first and said second state is perceivable by the unaided eye.
Claim 12
Dependent Claim
29 words
The apparatus as in claim 9 wherein said donor is silver (Ag), said organic electron acceptor is TCNQ, said equilibrium state is purple and said second state is yellow.
Claim 13
Dependent Claim
28 words
The apparatus as in claim 9 wherein said donor is copper, said organic electron acceptor is TCNQ, said equilibrium state is blue/black and said second state is yellow.
Claim 14
Dependent Claim
27 words
The apparatus as in claim 9 wherein the color of said second state is substantially similar to the color of neutral molecules of said organic electron acceptor.
Claim 15
Dependent Claim
22 words
The apparatus of claim 9 wherein said electrochemical reaction is irreversible and said illuminated area is permanently switched to said second state.
Claim 16
Dependent Claim
18 words
The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said second state has a detectably different electrical impedance from said equilibrium.
Claim 17
Dependent Claim
29 words
The apparatus as in claim 15, wherein said donor is copper, said organic electron acceptor is TCNQ, and said second state has a lower impedance than said equilibrium state.
Claim 18
Dependent Claim
29 words
The apparatus as in claim 15, wherein said donor is silver, said organic electron acceptor is TCNQ, and said second state has a lower impedance than said equilibrium state.
Claim 19
Dependent Claim
36 words
The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising: a means for detecting the impedance across a portion of said organic charge transfer salt and for determining if said portion is in said first or said second state.
Claim 20
Dependent Claim
24 words
The apparatus of claim 18 wherein said means for detecting impedance detects a lower impedance for said second state than for said equilibrium state.
Claim 21
Dependent Claim
46 words
The apparatus of claim 2, 9 or 15 further includes a source of thermal energy for reversing said electrochemical topotactic redox reaction to cause a charge to transfer back from said donor to said organic electron acceptor, thereby returning said illuminated area to said equilibrium state.
Claim 22
Dependent Claim
23 words
The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said equilibrium state is insoluble in organic solvents and said second state is soluble in organic solvents.
Claim 23
Dependent Claim
43 words
The apparatus of claim 2, 7, 15 or 21 wherein said organic electron acceptor further comprises an organic material incorporating at least one cyanomethylene functional group and having the chemical properties which permit formation of an organic salt when complexed with said donor.
Claim 24
Dependent Claim
42 words
The apparatus of claim 2, 7, 15 or 21 wherein said organic electron acceptor further comprises an organic material incorporating at least one quinolene unit and having the chemical properties which permit formation of an organic salt when complexed with said donor.
Claim 25
Dependent Claim
112 words
The apparatus of claim 2, 7, 15 or 21 wherein said organic electron acceptor is a material selected from the group consisting of tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), tetracyanonapthoquinodimethane (TNAP), tetracyanoethylene (TCNE), and 2, 3 dichloro-5,6 dicyano-1, 4 benzoquinone (DDQ), hexacyanobutalene (HCBD), and 11, 11, 12, 12-tetracyano-1.4 naphthoquinodimethane (bento TCNQ), and 2,5-bis (dicyanomethalene)-2, 5-dihydrothiophene, and 2,5-bis (dicyanomethalene)-2, 5-selenophene, and thiophene-(T)-TCNQ, and (selenophene-(Se)-TCNQ) and tetracyano-quinoquinazolinoquinazoline (TCQQ) and hexacyanotrimethylene cyclopropane (HMCTMCP) and 2,4-bis (dicyanomethylene)-1,3-dithietan (BDDT), and any of the TCNQ derivatives defined by the notation: TCNQ(OMe) TCNQ(OMe) 2 TCNQ(OMe)(OEt) TCNQ(OMe)(O-i-Pr) TCNQ(OMe)(O-i-Bu) TCNQ(O-i-C 2 H 5 ) TCNQ(OEt)(SMe) TCNQ Cl TCNQ Br TCNQ ClMe TCNQ Br Me TCNQ IMe TCNQI TCNQ(OMe)(OCH 3 )2 TCNQ(CN)2 TCNQ(Me) TCNQ(Et) TCNQ(i-Pr) TCNQ(i-Pr)2.
Claim 26
Dependent Claim
64 words
The apparatus of claim 2, 7, 15, or 21 wherein said organic electron acceptor is a material selected from the group consisting of tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) and any of the TCNQ derivations defined by the notation: TCNQ (OMe) TCNQ (OMe) 2 TCNQ (OMe)(OEt) TCNQ Cl TCNQ Br TCNQ ClMe TCNQ Br Me TCNQ I Me TCNQ I TCNQ (CN)2 TCNQ (Me) TCNQ (Et) TCNQ (i-Pr).
Claim 27
Dependent Claim
59 words
The apparatus of claim 2, 7, 15, or 21 wherein said donor is a metal and said metal is selected from the group consisting of copper, silver, lead, nickel, lithium, sodium, potassium, barium, chrome, molybdenum, tungsten, cobalt, iron, antimony, cesium, magnesium and having chemical properties which permit formation of an organic salt when complexed with said organic electron acceptor.
Claim 28
Dependent Claim
50 words
The apparatus of claim 2, 7, 15, or 21 wherein said donor is an organic material selected from the group consisting of tetrathioethelenes, dithiodynamino ethylenes, dithyodisalino ethyelenes, tetramino ethylenes, azenes, aromatic hydromatic hydrocyclics and having chemical properties which permit formation of organic salt when complexed with said organic electron acceptor.
Claim 29
Dependent Claim
24 words
The apparatus of claim 25 wherein said donor is a metal and said metal is selected from the group consisting of copper and silver.
Claim 30
Dependent Claim
128 words
An optical memory comprising: a film of organic charge transfer salt formed from a donor complexed with an organic electron acceptor; an optical write beam, for illuminating selectively at least one of a plurality of locations on the surface of said organic charge transfer salt to cause an illuminated location to undergo an electrochemical topotactic redox reaction, further causing charge transfer between said organic electron acceptor and said donor, thereby switching said illuminated location from a first state to a second state, said first state having a different optical spectrum from said second state; and, a spectroscopic means for analyzing selectively the optical spectrum of at least one of said plurality of locations and for determining if an analyzed location is in said first or said second state.
Claim 31
Dependent Claim
128 words
An optical memory comprising: a film of organic charge transfer salt formed from a donor complexed with an organic electron acceptor; an optical write beam, for illuminating selectively at least one of a plurality of locations on the surface of said organic charge transfer salt to cause an illuminated location to undergo an electrochemical topotactic redox reaction, further causing charge transfer between said organic electron acceptor and said donor, thereby switching said illuminated location from a first state to a second state, said first state having a different optical spectrum from said second state; and, a spectroscopic means for analyzing selectively the optical spectrum of at least one of said plurality of locations and for determining if an analyzed location is in said first or said second state.
Claim 32
Dependent Claim
39 words
The apparatus of claim 29 wherein said organic electron acceptor further comprises an organic material incorporating at least one cyanomethylene functional group and having the chemical properties which permit formation of an organic salt when complexed with said donor.
Claim 33
Dependent Claim
38 words
The apparatus of claim 29 wherein said organic electron acceptor further comprises an organic material incorporating at least one quinolene unit and having the chemical properties which permit formation of an organic salt when complexed with said donor.
Claim 34
Dependent Claim
108 words
The apparatus of claim 29 wherein said organic electron acceptor is a material selected from the group consisting of tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), tetracyanonapthoquinodimethane (TNAP), tetracyanoethylene (TCNE), and 2, 3 dichloro-5,6 dicyano-1, 4 benzoquinone (DDQ), hexacyanobutalene (HCBD), and 11, 11, 12, 12-tetracyano-1.4 naphthoquinodimethane (bento TCNQ), and 2,5-bis (dicyanomethalene)-2, 5-dihydrothiophene, and 2,5-bis (dicyanomethalene)-2, 5-selenophene, and thiophene-(T)-TCNQ, and (selenophene-(Se)-TCNQ) and tetracyano-quinoquinazolinoquinazoline (TCQQ) and hexacyanotrimethylene cyclopropane (HMCTMCP) and 2,4-bis (dicyanomethylene)-1,3-dithietan (BDDT), and any of the TCNQ derivatives defined by the notation: TCNQ(OMe) TCNQ(OMe) 2 TCNQ(OMe)(OEt) TCNQ(OMe)(O-i-Pr) TCNQ(OMe)(O-i-Bu) TCNQ(O-i-C 2 H 5 ) TCNQ(OEt)(SMe) TCNQ Cl TCNQ Br TCNQ ClMe TCNQ Br Me TCNQ IMe TCNQI TCNQ(OMe)(OCH 3 )2 TCNQ(CN)2 TCNQ(Me) TCNQ(Et) TCNQ(i-Pr) TCNQ(i-Pr)2.
Claim 35
Dependent Claim
55 words
The apparatus of claim 29 wherein said donor is a metal and said metal was selected from the group consisting of copper, silver, lead, nickel, lithium, sodium, potassium, barium, chrome, molydenium, tungsten, cobalt, iron, antimony, cesium, magnesium, and having chemical properties which permit formation of an organic salt when complexed with said organic electron acceptor.
Claim 36
Dependent Claim
50 words
The apparatus of claim 29 wherein said donor is an organic material selected from the group consisting of tetrathioethylenes, dithiodynamino ethylenes, dithyodisalino ethylenes, tetramino ethylenes, azenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and aromatic hydromatic hydrocyclics having the chemical properties which permit formation of an organic salt when complexed with said organic electron acceptor.
Claim 37
Dependent Claim
25 words
The apparatus as in claim 29 wherein said optical write beam has an intensity which permanently switches said selectively illuminated location to said second state.
Claim 38
Dependent Claim
75 words
The apparatus of claim 29 wherein said optical write beam has a first and a second intensity, said first intensity producing a reaction which causes said selectively illuminated location to switch from said first to said second state when illuminated, said second intensity producing an irreversible reaction which causes said location to switch from said first to said second state for an indefinite time after the optical write beam is no longer illuminating said location.
Claim 39
Dependent Claim
25 words
The apparatus as in claim 29 further comprising a means for directing said optical write beam to a selected location of said plurality of locations.
Claim 40
Dependent Claim
29 words
The apparatus as in claim 29 wherein said first state represents the storage of a logical "1", and wherein said second state represents the storage of a logical "0".
Claim 41
Dependent Claim
35 words
The apparatus as in claim 29 wherein said spectroscopic means detects the change in oxidation state of said organic electron acceptor, thereby detecting whether said location is in said first state or said second state.
Claim 42
Dependent Claim
53 words
The apparatus as in claim 29 wherein said donor is copper, wherein said organic electron acceptor is TCNQ and wherein said spectroscopic means detects the reflected spectrum at the frequency of 1451 cm -1 ±25 cm -1 , wherein detection of said spectral line indicates that said location is in said second state.
Claim 43
Dependent Claim
60 words
The apparatus of claim 29 wherein said organic electron acceptor is the material selected from the group consisting of tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) and any of the TCNQ derivations defined by the notation: TCNQ (OMe) TCNQ (OMe) 2 TCNQ (OMe)(OEt) TCNQ Cl TCNQ Br TCNQ ClMe TCNQ Br Me TCNQ I Me TCNQ I TCNQ (CN)2 TCNQ (Me) TCNQ (Et) TCNQ (i-Pr).
Claim 44
Dependent Claim
24 words
The apparatus of claim 41 wherein said donor is a metal and said metal is selected from a group consisting of silver and copper.
Claim 45
Dependent Claim
35 words
The apparatus of claim 42 wherein said spectroscopic means detects the presence of neutral molecules of said organic electron acceptor, said second state having more neutral molecules of said electron acceptor than said first state.
Claim 46
Dependent Claim
46 words
The apparatus as in claim 42 wherein said spectroscopic means measures the amplitude of at least one spectral band associated with neutral molecules of said organic electron acceptor, said at least one spectral band having a greater magnitude in said second state than said first state.
Claim 47
Dependent Claim
38 words
The apparatus of claim 29 further comprising: a thermal erase means, brought in association with said organic charge transfer salt, for causing a location tion to return from said second state following illumination thereof to said first state.
Claim 48
Dependent Claim
26 words
The apparatus of claim 45 wherein said thermal erase means is an optical heating beam focused to generate heat on a portion of said organic salt.
Claim 49
Dependent Claim
24 words
The apparatus of claim 45 wherein said thermal erase means is an electrical heating element, generating heat on a portion of said organic salt.
Claim 50
Dependent Claim
77 words
The apparatus of claim 29 wherein said spectroscopic means further comprises: a reading optical beam, illuminating selectively at least one of said plurality of locations, said reading optical beam having insufficient intensity to cause a location illuminated thereby to switch state; and, a means for filtering and measuring the spectral light reflected from a location upon selective illumination by said reading optical beam and for determining if said location is in said first or said second state.
Claim 51
Dependent Claim
13 words
The apparatus of claim 48 wherein said reading optical beam is monochromatic light.
Claim 52
Dependent Claim
13 words
The apparatus of claim 48 wherein said reading optical beam is a laser.
Claim 53
Dependent Claim
30 words
The apparatus of claim 48 wherein said optical write beam and said reading optical beam are supplied by a single source of optical radiation having at least two power levels.
Claim 54
Dependent Claim
25 words
The apparatus as in claim 48 further comprising a means for directing said reading optical beam to a selected location of said plurality of locations.
Claim 55
Dependent Claim
96 words
A human readable optical device comprising: a film of organic charge transfer salt formed from a donor complexed with an organic electron acceptor; an optical write beam, illuminating one of a plurality of locations of the surface of said organic charge transfer salt, causing said one of a plurality of locations to undergo an electrochemical topotactic redox reaction which causes a charge transfer between said organic electron acceptor and said donor, causing a change in charge distribution and thereby causing said one of a plurality of locations to change from a first to a second color.
Claim 56
Dependent Claim
96 words
A human readable optical device comprising: a film of organic charge transfer salt formed from a donor complexed with an organic electron acceptor; an optical write beam, illuminating one of a plurality of locations of the surface of said organic charge transfer salt, causing said one of a plurality of locations to undergo an electrochemical topotactic redox reaction which causes a charge transfer between said organic electron acceptor and said donor, causing a change in charge distribution and thereby causing said one of a plurality of locations to change from a first to a second color.
Claim 57
Dependent Claim
21 words
The apparatus of claim 53 wherein said second color closely resembles the color of neutral molecules of said organic electron acceptor.
Claim 58
Dependent Claim
28 words
The apparatus of claim 54 further comprising a means for sweeping and modulating said optical write beam so that at a visible high contrast pattern can be generated.
Claim 59
Dependent Claim
37 words
The apparatus of claim 54 further comprising: a thermal erase means, brought in association with said organic charge transfer salt for causing said at least one of said plurality of locations to return to the first color.
Claim 60
Dependent Claim
63 words
An optoelectronic switch comprising: a film of organic charge transfer salt, said film undergoing an electrochemical topotactic redox reaction when illuminated by optical radiation thereby switching from a first equilibrium state to a second state, said second state having a different electrical impedance from said equilibrium state; and, a connecting means across said film for connecting said film electrically to an external circuit.
Claim 61
Dependent Claim
63 words
An optoelectronic switch comprising: a film of organic charge transfer salt, said film undergoing an electrochemical topotactic redox reaction when illuminated by optical radiation thereby switching from a first equilibrium state to a second state, said second state having a different electrical impedance from said equilibrium state; and, a connecting means across said film for connecting said film electrically to an external circuit.
Claim 62
Dependent Claim
12 words
The apparatus of claim 57 wherein said switch is a bistable switch.
Claim 63
Dependent Claim
12 words
The apparatus of claim 57 wherein said switch is a threshold switch.
Claim 64
Dependent Claim
37 words
The apparatus of claim 59 further comprising: a DC biasing voltage connected across said first and second electrodes for adjusting the level of optical radiation necessary to switch said organic charge transfer salt to said second state.
Claim 65
Dependent Claim
107 words
The apparatus as in claim 57 wherein said connecting means comprises: an electrically conductive substrate, said film of organic salt formed on said conductive substrate; a semitransparent electrical conducting film formed over at least a portion of said film of organic salt, said semitransparent conducting film allowing the passage of optical radiation to said film of organic salt; a first electrode attached to said conductive substrate; and, a second electrode attached to said semitransparent conducting film, wherein the impedance across said first and said second electrode will be switched from a high to a low state when said film of organic salt is illuminated by optical radiation.
Claim 66
Dependent Claim
33 words
The apparatus of claim 61 wherein the impedance across said first and said second electrode will return to said high impedance when said optical radiation no longer illuminates said film of organic salt.
Claim 67
Dependent Claim
38 words
The apparatus as in claim 61, wherein said conductive substrate is made from said donor and said film of organic charge transfer salt is formed on said conductive substrate by complexing said conductive substrate with said organic electron.
Claim 68
Dependent Claim
54 words
The apparatus of claim 61 wherein said donor is a metal and said metal is selected from the group consisting of copper, silver, lead, nickel, lithium, sodium, potassium, barium, chrome, molybdenum, tungsten, cobalt, iron, antimony, cesium, magnesium and having chemical properties which permit formation of an organic salt when complexed with said organic electron.
Claim 69
Dependent Claim
50 words
The apparatus of claim 61 wherein said donor is an organic material selected from the group consisting of tetrathioethylenes, dithiodynamino ethylenes, dithyodisalino ethyelynes, tetramino ethylenes, azenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and aromatic hydromatic hydrocyclics and having chemical properties which permit formation of an organic salt when complexed with said organic electron acceptor.
Claim 70
Dependent Claim
26 words
The apparatus of claim 61 wherein said organic charge transfer salt will switch to said second state during the interval optical radiation exceeds a set threshold.
Claim 71
Dependent Claim
18 words
The apparatus of claim 61 further comprising: a DC biasing voltage connected across said first and second electrodes.
Claim 72
Dependent Claim
33 words
The apparatus of claim 61 wherein said organic charge transfer salt will switch to said second state for an indefinite time after said optical radiation which exceeds a second higher threshold is removed.
Claim 73
Dependent Claim
27 words
The apparatus of claim 68, wherein the accumulating effect of said biasing voltage and said optical radiation causes said organic charge transfer salt to switch impedance states.
Claim 74
Dependent Claim
41 words
The apparatus of claim 57 or 61 wherein said organic electron acceptor further comprises an organic material incorporating at least one cyanomethylene functional group and having the chemical properties which permit formation of an organic salt when complexed with said donor.
Claim 75
Dependent Claim
40 words
The apparatus of claim 57 or 61 wherein said organic electron acceptor further comprises an organic material incorporating at least one quinolene unit and having the chemical properties which permit formation of an organic salt when complexed with said donor.
Claim 76
Dependent Claim
112 words
The apparatus of claim 57 or 61 wherein said organic electron acceptor is a material selected from a group consisting of tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), tetracyanonapthoquinodimethane (TNAP), tetracyanoethylene (TCNE), and 2, 3 dichloro-5,6 dicyano-1, 4 benzoquinone (DDQ), hexacyanobutalene (HCBD), and 11, 11, 12, 12-tetracyano-1.4 naphthoquinodimethane (bento TCNQ), and 2,5-bis (dicyanomethalene)-2, 5-dihydrothiophene, and 2,5-bis (dicyanomethalene)-2, 5-selenophene, and thiophene-(T)-TCNQ, and (selenophene-(Se)-TCNQ) and tetracyano-quinoquinazolinoquinazoline (TCQQ) and hexacyanotrimethylene cyclopropane (HMCTMCP) and 2,4-bis (dicyanomethylene)-1,3-dithietan (BDDT), and any of the TCNQ derivatives defined by the notation: TCNQ(OMe) TCNQ(OMe) 2 TCNQ(OMe)(OEt) TCNQ(OMe)(O-i-Pr) TCNQ(OMe)(O-i-Bu) TCNQ(O-i-C 2 H 5 ) TCNQ(OEt)(SMe) TCNQ Cl TCNQ Br TCNQ ClMe TCNQ Br Me TCNQ IMe TCNQI TCNQ(OMe)(OCH 3 )2 TCNQ(CN)2 TCNQ(Me) TCNQ(Et) TCNQ(i-Pr) TCNQ(i-Pr)2 TCNQ(i-Pr) TCNQ(i-Pr)2.
Claim 77
Dependent Claim
63 words
The apparatus of claim 57 or 61 wherein said organic electron acceptor is a material selected from the group consisting of tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) and any of the TCNQ derivations defined by the notation: TCNQ (OMe) TCNQ (OMe) 2 TCNQ (OMe)(OEt) TCNQ Cl TCNQ Br TCNQ ClMe TCNQ Br Me TCNQ I Me TCNQ I TCNQ (CN) 2 TCNQ (Me) TCNQ (Et) TCNQ (i-Pr).
Claim 78
Dependent Claim
24 words
The apparatus of claim 73 wherein said donor is a metal wherein said metal is selected from the group consisting of silver and copper.
Claim 79
Dependent Claim
34 words
The apparatus of claim 74 wherein said film will be in a high impedance when in said equilibrium state and will be in a low impedance when said film is in said second state.
References Cited (Backward Citations)
US3983542A
Cited
US4371883A
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| Annuity Stage | Window Opens | Payment Deadline | Surcharge Period Until | Estimated Fee | Status |
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