Patent US4868577A successfully refreshed from Google Patents.
US4686017A
Expired / Lapsed
US
⏱️ 0.0 years remaining
Electrolytic bath and methods of use
Assignee: Entek Corp
•
Filing: 1985-06-28
•
Granted: 1987-08-11
•
Expires: 2005-06-28
Abstract
Abstract An electrolytic bath, suitable for depositing a metal on or removing a metal from a substrate is provided which comprises an anode and cathode, an acid having a pK a of about 6 or less, and a chalcogen-containing compound soluble in said bath and having the empirical formula ##STR1## wherein X is a chalcogen, each of R 1 and R 2 is selected from hydrogen, NR 3 R 4 and NR 5 , at least one of R 1 and R 2 is other than hydrogen, each of R 3 and R 4 is hydrogen or a monovalent organic radical, and R 5 is a divalent organic radical, in which the molar ratio of the chalcogen compound to the acid is about 1 or more, and the molar ratio of water to the combination of acid and chalcogen compound is about 10 or less. The electrolytic bath enables the use of higher concentrations of strong acids than would otherwise be possible, minimize hydrogen and/or oxygen evolution at the electrodes with attendant advantages, and is useful in a variety of methods such as electroplating (including immersion plating), electroforming, electrolytic machining, electropolishing, electrolytic roughening, anodizing and electrowinning.
Inventors
- 👤 Donald C. Young
Bibliographic Details
Application Number
—
Jurisdiction
US
Data Source
google_patents
Last Synchronized
2026-10-30 05:32
CPC Classifications
C; C25; C25F; C25F5/00; A; A01; A01N; A01N59/00; A01N59/02; B; B01; B01J; B01J31/00; B01J31/02; B01J31/0234; B01J31/0235; B01J31/0245; B01J31/0247; C05; C05C; C05C9/00; C23; C23C; C23C18/00; C23C18/16; C23C18/31; C23C18/38; C23F; C23F11/00; C23F11/04; C25D; C25D3/00; C25D3/02; C25D3/38; H; H05; H05K; H05K3/00; H05K3/02; H05K3/06; H05K3/07
Claims Analysis
Total Claims: 36
Claim 1
Independent Claim
164 words
A method for electrolytically plating a metal on an electrically conductive substrate which method comprises suspending said electrically conductive substrate as a cathode in an electrolytic cell comprising an anode and said cathode immersed in an electrolytic bath comprising sulfuric acid and a chalcogen-containing compound soluble in said bath and having the empirical formula: ##STR4## wherein X is a chalcogen, each of R 1 and R 2 is selected from hydrogen, NR 3 R 4 and NR 5 , at least one of R 1 and R 2 is other than hydrogen, each of R 3 and R 4 is selected from hydrogen and monovalent organic radicals, and R 5 is selected from divalent organic radicals, the molar ratio of said chalcogen-containing compound to said sulfuric acid is about 1 to less than 5, and the molar ratio of water to the combination of said sulfuric acid and said chalcogen-containing compound is about 10 or less, and electrolyticaly plating said metal on said substrate.
Claim 2
Independent Claim
164 words
A method for electrolytically plating a metal on an electrically conductive substrate which method comprises suspending said electrically conductive substrate as a cathode in an electrolytic cell comprising an anode and said cathode immersed in an electrolytic bath comprising sulfuric acid and a chalcogen-containing compound soluble in said bath and having the empirical formula: ##STR4## wherein X is a chalcogen, each of R 1 and R 2 is selected from hydrogen, NR 3 R 4 and NR 5 , at least one of R 1 and R 2 is other than hydrogen, each of R 3 and R 4 is selected from hydrogen and monovalent organic radicals, and R 5 is selected from divalent organic radicals, the molar ratio of said chalcogen-containing compound to said sulfuric acid is about 1 to less than 5, and the molar ratio of water to the combination of said sulfuric acid and said chalcogen-containing compound is about 10 or less, and electrolyticaly plating said metal on said substrate.
Claim 3
Dependent Claim
56 words
The method defined in claim 1 wherein said chalcogen-containing compound comprises urea, the molar ratio of water to the combinsation of said urea and sulfuric acid is about 2.5 or less, said sulfuric acid constitutes at least 10 weight percent of said bath, and said urea constitutes at least about 10 weight percent of said bath.
Claim 4
Dependent Claim
47 words
The method defined in claim 1 wherein said chalocgen-containing compound comprises a member selected from the group consisting of urea, thiourea, formamide, and combinations thereof, and the molar ratio of water to the combination of said chalcogen-containing compound and said sulfuric acid is about 5 or less.
Claim 5
Dependent Claim
40 words
The method defined in claim 1 which further comprises the step of impressing a direct current voltage across said electrically conductive substrate and an anode, and said chalcogen is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, and combinations thereof.
Claim 6
Dependent Claim
81 words
The method defined in claim 4 wherein said chalcogen-containing compound comprises a member selected from the group consisting of urea, thiourea, formamide, and combinations thereof, the molar ratio of said water to the combination of said chalcogen-containing compound and said sulfuric acid is about 5 or less, and said platable ions comprise ions of a metal selected from the group consisting of zinc, chromium, nickel, gold, silver, indium, iron, copper, lead, platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, osmium, tin and combinations thereof.
Claim 7
Dependent Claim
35 words
The method defined in claim 1 wherein said chalcogen-containing compound comprises urea, and said bath comprises less than about 1 weight percent water based on the combined weight of said sulfuric acid and said urea.
Claim 8
Independent Claim
165 words
A method for electrolytically removing a metal from an electrically conductive substrate which method comprises employing said substrate as the anode in an electrolytic cell comprising said anode and a cathode immersed in an electrolytic bath comprising sulfuric acid and a chalcogen-containing compound soluble in said bath and having the empoirical formula: ##STR5## wherein X is a chalcogen, each of R 1 and R 2 is selected from hydrogen, NR 3 R 4 and NR 5 , at least one of R 1 and R 2 is other than hydrogen, each of R 3 and R 4 is selected from hydrogen and monovalent organic radicals, and R 5 is selected from divalent organic radicals, the molar ratio of said chalcogen-containing compound to said sulfuric acid is about 1 to less than 5, and the molar ratio of water to the combination of said sulfuric acid and said chalcogen-containing compound is about 10 or less, and impressing a voltage differential across said cathode and said anode.
Claim 9
Independent Claim
165 words
A method for electrolytically removing a metal from an electrically conductive substrate which method comprises employing said substrate as the anode in an electrolytic cell comprising said anode and a cathode immersed in an electrolytic bath comprising sulfuric acid and a chalcogen-containing compound soluble in said bath and having the empoirical formula: ##STR5## wherein X is a chalcogen, each of R 1 and R 2 is selected from hydrogen, NR 3 R 4 and NR 5 , at least one of R 1 and R 2 is other than hydrogen, each of R 3 and R 4 is selected from hydrogen and monovalent organic radicals, and R 5 is selected from divalent organic radicals, the molar ratio of said chalcogen-containing compound to said sulfuric acid is about 1 to less than 5, and the molar ratio of water to the combination of said sulfuric acid and said chalcogen-containing compound is about 10 or less, and impressing a voltage differential across said cathode and said anode.
Claim 10
Dependent Claim
46 words
The method defined in claim 7 wherein said chalcogen-containing compound comprises a member selected from the group consisting of urea, thiourea, formamide, and combinations thereof, and the molar ratio of water to the combination of said chalcogen-containing compound and said sulfuric acid is less than 5.
Claim 11
Dependent Claim
28 words
The method defined in claim 7 wherein the molar ratio of water to the combination of said chalcogen-containing compound and said sulfuric acid is about 2.5 or less.
Claim 12
Dependent Claim
11 words
The method defined in claim 7 which comprises electrolytic-machining said substrate.
Claim 13
Dependent Claim
11 words
The method defined in claim 7 which comprises electropolishing said substrate.
Claim 14
Dependent Claim
11 words
The method defined in claim 7 which comprises electro-roughening said substrate.
Claim 15
Dependent Claim
11 words
The method defined in claim 7 which comprises anodizing said substrate.
Claim 16
Dependent Claim
29 words
The method defined in claim 7 wherein said bath comprises less than 1 weight percent water based on the combined weight of said sulfuric acid and said chalcogen-containing compound.
Claim 17
Independent Claim
118 words
A method for electrolytically plating a metal on an electrically conductive substrate, which method comprises suspending said electrically conductive substrate in an electrolytic bath which comprises at least about 10 weight percent sulfuric acid, at least about 10 weight percent of chalcogen-containing compound selected from the group consisting of urea, a formamide, thiourea, and combinations thereof, and a metal ion platable on said substrate wherein the molar ratio of said chalcogen-containing compound to said sulfuric acid is within the range of about 1 to less than 5, and the molar ratio of water to the combination of said chalcogen-containing compound and said sulfuric acid is about 10 or less, and electrolytically plating said platable ion on said substrate.
Claim 18
Independent Claim
118 words
A method for electrolytically plating a metal on an electrically conductive substrate, which method comprises suspending said electrically conductive substrate in an electrolytic bath which comprises at least about 10 weight percent sulfuric acid, at least about 10 weight percent of chalcogen-containing compound selected from the group consisting of urea, a formamide, thiourea, and combinations thereof, and a metal ion platable on said substrate wherein the molar ratio of said chalcogen-containing compound to said sulfuric acid is within the range of about 1 to less than 5, and the molar ratio of water to the combination of said chalcogen-containing compound and said sulfuric acid is about 10 or less, and electrolytically plating said platable ion on said substrate.
Claim 19
Dependent Claim
12 words
The method defined in claim 15 wherein said chalcogen-containing compound comprises urea.
Claim 20
Dependent Claim
13 words
The method defined in claim 15 wherein said platable ions comprise copper ions.
Claim 21
Dependent Claim
13 words
The method defined in claim 17 wherein said substrate comprises a ferrous metal.
Claim 22
Independent Claim
146 words
A method for electrolytically depositing a metal on or removing a metal from a substrate which method comprises conducting said metal deposition or removal in an electrolytic bath comprising sulfuric acid and a chalcogen-containing compound soluble in said bath and having the empirical formula ##STR6## wherein X is S or O, each R 1 and R 2 is selected from hydrogen, NR 3 R 4 and NR 5 , at least one of R 1 and R 2 is other than hydrogen, each of R 3 and R 4 is selected from hydrogen and monovalent organic radicals, and R 5 is selected for divalent orgnaic radicals, the molar ratio of said chalcogen-containing compound to said sulfuric acid is about 1 to less than 5, and the molar ratio of water to the combination of said sulfuric acid and said chalcogen-containing compound is about 10 or less.
Claim 23
Independent Claim
146 words
A method for electrolytically depositing a metal on or removing a metal from a substrate which method comprises conducting said metal deposition or removal in an electrolytic bath comprising sulfuric acid and a chalcogen-containing compound soluble in said bath and having the empirical formula ##STR6## wherein X is S or O, each R 1 and R 2 is selected from hydrogen, NR 3 R 4 and NR 5 , at least one of R 1 and R 2 is other than hydrogen, each of R 3 and R 4 is selected from hydrogen and monovalent organic radicals, and R 5 is selected for divalent orgnaic radicals, the molar ratio of said chalcogen-containing compound to said sulfuric acid is about 1 to less than 5, and the molar ratio of water to the combination of said sulfuric acid and said chalcogen-containing compound is about 10 or less.
Claim 24
Independent Claim
148 words
A method for electrolytically depositing a metal on or removing a metal from a substrate which method comprises the step of conducting said metal deposition or removal in an electrolytic bath comprising sulfuric acid and a chalcogen-containing compound soluble in said bath and having the empirical formula ##STR7## wherein X is S or O, each of R 1 and R 2 is selected from hydrogen, NR 3 R 4 and NR 5 , at least one of R 1 and R 2 is other than hydrogen, each of R 3 and R 4 is selected from hydrogen and monovalent organic radicals, and R 5 is selected from divalent organic radicals, the molar ratio of said chalcogen-containing compound to said acid is about 1 to less than 2, and the molar ratio of water to the combination of said acid and said chalcogen-containing compound is about 2.5 or less.
Claim 25
Independent Claim
148 words
A method for electrolytically depositing a metal on or removing a metal from a substrate which method comprises the step of conducting said metal deposition or removal in an electrolytic bath comprising sulfuric acid and a chalcogen-containing compound soluble in said bath and having the empirical formula ##STR7## wherein X is S or O, each of R 1 and R 2 is selected from hydrogen, NR 3 R 4 and NR 5 , at least one of R 1 and R 2 is other than hydrogen, each of R 3 and R 4 is selected from hydrogen and monovalent organic radicals, and R 5 is selected from divalent organic radicals, the molar ratio of said chalcogen-containing compound to said acid is about 1 to less than 2, and the molar ratio of water to the combination of said acid and said chalcogen-containing compound is about 2.5 or less.
Claim 26
Independent Claim
143 words
A method for electrolytically depositing a metal on a substrate which comprises employing said substrate as a cathode in an electrolytic cell comprising an anode and said cathode immersed in an anhydrous, electrolytic bath comprising about 10 to about 70 weight percent sulfuric acid and a chalcogen-containing compound soluble in said bath and having the empirical formula ##STR8## wherein X is a chalcogen, each of R 1 and R 2 is selected from hydrogen, NR 3 R 4 and NR 5 , at least one of R 1 and R 2 is other than hydrogen, each of R 3 and R 4 is selected from hydrogen and monovalent organic radicals, and R 5 is selected from divalent organic radicals, the molar ratio of said chalcogen-containing compound to said acid being about 1 to less than 5, and depositing said metal on said substrate.
Claim 27
Independent Claim
143 words
A method for electrolytically depositing a metal on a substrate which comprises employing said substrate as a cathode in an electrolytic cell comprising an anode and said cathode immersed in an anhydrous, electrolytic bath comprising about 10 to about 70 weight percent sulfuric acid and a chalcogen-containing compound soluble in said bath and having the empirical formula ##STR8## wherein X is a chalcogen, each of R 1 and R 2 is selected from hydrogen, NR 3 R 4 and NR 5 , at least one of R 1 and R 2 is other than hydrogen, each of R 3 and R 4 is selected from hydrogen and monovalent organic radicals, and R 5 is selected from divalent organic radicals, the molar ratio of said chalcogen-containing compound to said acid being about 1 to less than 5, and depositing said metal on said substrate.
Claim 28
Independent Claim
84 words
A method for electrolytically depositing a metal on a substrate which comprises employing said substrate as a cathode in an electrolytic cell comprising an anode and said cathode immersed in an anhydrous, electrolytic bath comprising about 10 to about 70 weight percent sulfuric acid and a compound selected from the group consisting of urea, thiourea, formamide, and combinations thereof in which the molar ratio of said compound to sulfuric acid is about 1 to less than 5, and depositing said metal on said substrate.
Claim 29
Independent Claim
84 words
A method for electrolytically depositing a metal on a substrate which comprises employing said substrate as a cathode in an electrolytic cell comprising an anode and said cathode immersed in an anhydrous, electrolytic bath comprising about 10 to about 70 weight percent sulfuric acid and a compound selected from the group consisting of urea, thiourea, formamide, and combinations thereof in which the molar ratio of said compound to sulfuric acid is about 1 to less than 5, and depositing said metal on said substrate.
Claim 30
Independent Claim
110 words
A method for electrolytically depositing aluminum or titanium on a substrate which method comprises suspending said substrate as a cathode in an electrolytic cell comprising an anode and said cathode immersed in an anhydrous, electrolytic bath comprising about 10 to about 70 weight percent sulfuric acid and a compound selected from the group consisting of urea, thiourea, formamide, and combinations thereof in which the molar ratio of said compound to sulfuric acid is within the range of about 1 to less than 5, and wherein said bath comprises a member selected from the group consisting of aluminum, titanium, and combinations thereof, and depositing said aluminum or titnium on said substrate.
Claim 31
Independent Claim
110 words
A method for electrolytically depositing aluminum or titanium on a substrate which method comprises suspending said substrate as a cathode in an electrolytic cell comprising an anode and said cathode immersed in an anhydrous, electrolytic bath comprising about 10 to about 70 weight percent sulfuric acid and a compound selected from the group consisting of urea, thiourea, formamide, and combinations thereof in which the molar ratio of said compound to sulfuric acid is within the range of about 1 to less than 5, and wherein said bath comprises a member selected from the group consisting of aluminum, titanium, and combinations thereof, and depositing said aluminum or titnium on said substrate.
Claim 32
Independent Claim
166 words
A method for immersion plating platable metal ions on a substrate which comprises a metal which is less noble than said platable metal ions which method comprising suspending said substrate in an electrolyte containing said platable metal ions, sulfuric acid, and a chalcogen-containing compound soluble in said bath and having the empirical formula: ##STR9## wherein X is a chalcogen, each of R 1 and R 2 is selected from hydrogen, NR 3 R 4 and NR 5 , at least one of R 1 and R 2 is other than hydrogen, each of R 3 and R 4 is selected from hydrogen and monovalent organic radicals, and R 5 is selected from divalent organic radicals, the molar ratio of said chalcogen-containing compound to said sulfuric acid is about 1 to less than 5, and the molar ratio of water to the combination of said sulfuric acid and said chalogen-containing compound is about 10 or less, under conditions sufficient to plate said metal ions on said substrate.
Claim 33
Independent Claim
166 words
A method for immersion plating platable metal ions on a substrate which comprises a metal which is less noble than said platable metal ions which method comprising suspending said substrate in an electrolyte containing said platable metal ions, sulfuric acid, and a chalcogen-containing compound soluble in said bath and having the empirical formula: ##STR9## wherein X is a chalcogen, each of R 1 and R 2 is selected from hydrogen, NR 3 R 4 and NR 5 , at least one of R 1 and R 2 is other than hydrogen, each of R 3 and R 4 is selected from hydrogen and monovalent organic radicals, and R 5 is selected from divalent organic radicals, the molar ratio of said chalcogen-containing compound to said sulfuric acid is about 1 to less than 5, and the molar ratio of water to the combination of said sulfuric acid and said chalogen-containing compound is about 10 or less, under conditions sufficient to plate said metal ions on said substrate.
Claim 34
Dependent Claim
78 words
The method defined in claim 24 wherein the molar ratio of water to the combination of said chalcogen-containing compound and said sulfuric acid is about 5 or less, said chalcogen-containing compound comprises a member selected form the group consisting of urea, formamide, thiourea, and combinations thereof, and aid platable metal ions comprise ions selected from the group consisting of zinc, chromium, nickel, gold, silver, indium, iron, copper, lead, platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, irridium, osmium, tin, and combinations thereof.
Claim 35
Dependent Claim
32 words
The method defined in claim 24 wherein said chalcogen-containing compound comprises urea, and the molar ratio of water to the combination of said urea and sulfuric acid is about 2.5 or less.
Claim 36
Dependent Claim
49 words
The method defined in claim 24 wherein said chalcogen-containing compound comprises urea, the molar ratio of said urea to said sulfuric acid is about 1 to about 2, and the molar ratio of water to the combination of said urea and said sulfuric acid is about 5 or less.
References Cited (Backward Citations)
US1340708A
Cited
US1903860A
Cited
US2458839A
Cited
US2549411A
Cited
US2712524A
Cited
CH313570A
Cited
US2712525A
Cited
US3087874A
Cited
US3772167A
Cited
FR2154725A1
Cited
US4116644A
Cited
US4293291A
Cited
US4214888A
Cited
US4315763A
Cited
US4310343A
Cited
US4482444A
Cited
US4384930A
Cited
US4445925A
Cited
US4447253A
Cited
US4397675A
Cited
US4402852A
Cited
US4404116A
Cited
US4522644A
Cited
US4512813A
Cited
US4488942A
Cited
USPTO Annuity & Maintenance Windows
| Annuity Stage | Window Opens | Payment Deadline | Surcharge Period Until | Estimated Fee | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3.5 Years (Year 4) | 1990-08-10 | 1991-02-09 | 1991-08-11 | $2000.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |
| 7.5 Years (Year 8) | 1994-08-10 | 1995-02-09 | 1995-08-11 | $3760.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |
| 11.5 Years (Year 12) | 1998-08-10 | 1999-02-09 | 1999-08-11 | $7700.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |